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He Yan () (c. 195–249), courtesy name Pingshu (), was a politician and prominent philosopher of Wei (220–265), one of the Three Kingdoms. He was the grandson of the Han general He Jin and, after his mother was taken as a concubine by Cao Cao, was raised with the Wei royal family. He gained a reputation for intelligence and scholarship at an early age, but he was unpopular and criticized for being arrogant and dissolute. He was rejected for government positions by both Emperors Cao Pi and Cao Rui, but became a powerful minister during the rule of Cao Shuang. When the Sima family took control of the government in a coup d'etat in 249, He was executed along with all the other officials loyal to Cao. He was, along with Wang Bi, one of the founders of the Daoist school of Xuanxue. He synthesized the philosophical schools of Daoism and Confucianism, believing that the two schools complimented each other. He wrote a famous commentary on the ''Daode Jing'' that was influential in his time, but no copies have survived. His commentary on the ''Analects'' was considered standard and authoritative for nearly 1000 years, until his interpretation was displaced by the commentary of Zhu Xi in the fourteenth century. ==Biography== He Yan was born in Nanyang, Henan.〔''三国志 一''晋 陈寿 著 栗平夫 武彰 译 中华书局 P2-52 ''魏帝纪第一'', ''三国手册'' 逸安 著 中国古籍出版社 P186-191,''曹操大事年表''〕 His great-grandfather was a butcher, and his grandfather, He Jin, was the general-in-chief of the Han Dynasty. His grand aunt was Empress He, the wife of Emperor Ling.〔Gardner 10〕〔''闲云野鹤''王定璋 著 四川教育出版社 P129〕 He Yan's father, (He Xian), died at an early age.〔 The He Family's political power was destroyed when a warlord, Dong Zhuo, occupied the Han capital of Luoyang. He Yan's mother escaped and gave birth to He in exile.〔''魏末传''“晏妇金乡公主, 即晏同母妹.”〕 When He was about six, his mother was taken as a concubine by the warlord Cao Cao, after which she became known as "Lady Yin". After being adopted by Cao Cao, He was raised with the other princes of Wei, including Cao Cao's eventual successor, Cao Pi (r. 220-226). Cao Pi resented He for acting as if he were a crown prince, and referred to him by the name "false son" rather than his real name. He later married one of the palace princesses, the Princess of Jinxiang, who may have been one of He's half-sisters.〔Gardner 10-11〕 As a result of his adoption He spent a considerable amount of time with Cao Cao during his childhood.〔 k At a young age He gained a reputation of being extremely gifted: "bright and intelligent as a god".〔Gardner 11〕 He had a passion for reading and study. Cao Cao consulted with him when he was confused about how to interpret the ''Art of War'', and was impressed with He's interpretation.〔Fang Shiming, (2006).''方诗铭论三国人物'' 上海古籍出版社 P225-226 ISBN 7-5325-4485-0〕 He's contemporaries (both in Wei and Jin) disliked him, and wrote that he was effeminate, fond of makeup, dissolute, and egotistical. Emperor Cao Rui (r. 226-239) refused to employ him because he believed that He was a "floating flower": well known for a life of flamboyance and dissipation. He was reportedly fond of "five-mineral powder", a hallucinatory drug.〔 He was not able to achieve political prominence either under Cao Pi or Cao Rui. When Cao Rui died in 239, he left a child emperor on the throne, and Cao Shuang took control of the government as regent. He ingratiated himself into Cao's inner circle, eventually being promoted to minister of personnel and bringing many of his friends and acquaintances into important positions. One of He's friends promoted into office during this period was the influential philosopher Wang Bi.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「He Yan」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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